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[appendix]
[[executable-jar]]
== The executable jar format
The `spring-boot-loader` modules allows Spring Boot to support executable jar and
war files. If you're using the Maven or Gradle plugin, executable jars are
automatically generated and you generally won't need to know the details of how
== The Executable Jar Format
The `spring-boot-loader` modules lets Spring Boot support executable jar and
war files. If you use the Maven plugin or the Gradle plugin, executable jars are
automatically generated, and you generally do not need to know the details of how
they work.
If you need to create executable jars from a different build system, or if you are just
If you need to create executable jars from a different build system or if you are just
curious about the underlying technology, this section provides some background.
[[executable-jar-nested-jars]]
=== Nested JARs
Java does not provide any standard way to load nested jar files (i.e. jar files that
are themselves contained within a jar). This can be problematic if you are looking
to distribute a self-contained application that you can just run from the command line
Java does not provide any standard way to load nested jar files (that is, jar files that
are themselves contained within a jar). This can be problematic if you need
to distribute a self-contained application that can be run from the command line
without unpacking.
To solve this problem, many developers use "`shaded`" jars. A shaded jar simply packages
all classes, from all jars, into a single 'uber jar'. The problem with shaded jars is
that it becomes hard to see which libraries you are actually using in your application.
To solve this problem, many developers use "`shaded`" jars. A shaded jar packages
all classes, from all jars, into a single "`uber jar`". The problem with shaded jars is
that it becomes hard to see which libraries are actually in your application.
It can also be problematic if the same filename is used (but with different content)
in multiple jars. Spring Boot takes a different approach and allows you to actually nest
in multiple jars. Spring Boot takes a different approach and lets you actually nest
jars directly.
[[executable-jar-jar-file-structure]]
==== The executable jar file structure
Spring Boot Loader compatible jar files should be structured in the following way:
==== The Executable Jar File Structure
Spring Boot Loader-compatible jar files should be structured in the following way:
[indent=0]
----
@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ Dependencies should be placed in a nested `BOOT-INF/lib` directory.
[[executable-jar-war-file-structure]]
==== The executable war file structure
Spring Boot Loader compatible war files should be structured in the following way:
==== The Executable War File Structure
Spring Boot Loader-compatible war files should be structured in the following way:
[indent=0]
----
@ -93,11 +93,12 @@ a traditional web container should be placed in `WEB-INF/lib-provided`.
[[executable-jar-jarfile]]
=== Spring Boot's "`JarFile`" class
=== Spring Boot's "`JarFile`" Class
The core class used to support loading nested jars is
`org.springframework.boot.loader.jar.JarFile`. It allows you to load jar
content from a standard jar file, or from nested child jar data. When first loaded, the
location of each `JarEntry` is mapped to a physical file offset of the outer jar:
`org.springframework.boot.loader.jar.JarFile`. It lets you load jar
content from a standard jar file or from nested child jar data. When first loaded, the
location of each `JarEntry` is mapped to a physical file offset of the outer jar, as
shown in the following example:
[indent=0]
----
@ -112,54 +113,54 @@ location of each `JarEntry` is mapped to a physical file offset of the outer jar
0063 3452 3980
----
The example above shows how `A.class` can be found in `/BOOT-INF/classes` in `myapp.jar`
position `0063`. `B.class` from the nested jar can actually be found in `myapp.jar`
position `3452` and `C.class` is at position `3980`.
The preceding example shows how `A.class` can be found in `/BOOT-INF/classes` in `myapp.jar`
at position `0063`. `B.class` from the nested jar can actually be found in `myapp.jar`
at position `3452`, and `C.class` is at position `3980`.
Armed with this information, we can load specific nested entries by simply seeking to
the appropriate part of the outer jar. We don't need to unpack the archive and we
don't need to read all entry data into memory.
Armed with this information, we can load specific nested entries by seeking to
the appropriate part of the outer jar. We do not need to unpack the archive, and we
do not need to read all entry data into memory.
[[executable-jar-jarfile-compatibility]]
==== Compatibility with the standard Java "`JarFile`"
==== Compatibility with the Standard Java "`JarFile`"
Spring Boot Loader strives to remain compatible with existing code and libraries.
`org.springframework.boot.loader.jar.JarFile` extends from `java.util.jar.JarFile` and
should work as a drop-in replacement. The `getURL()` method will return a `URL` that
opens a `java.net.JarURLConnection` compatible connection and can be used with Java's
should work as a drop-in replacement. The `getURL()` method returns a `URL` that
opens a connection compatible with `java.net.JarURLConnection` and can be used with Java's
`URLClassLoader`.
[[executable-jar-launching]]
=== Launching executable jars
=== Launching Executable Jars
The `org.springframework.boot.loader.Launcher` class is a special bootstrap class that
is used as an executable jars main entry point. It is the actual `Main-Class` in your jar
file and it's used to setup an appropriate `URLClassLoader` and ultimately call your
is used as an executable jar's main entry point. It is the actual `Main-Class` in your jar
file, and it is used to setup an appropriate `URLClassLoader` and ultimately call your
`main()` method.
There are 3 launcher subclasses (`JarLauncher`, `WarLauncher` and `PropertiesLauncher`).
Their purpose is to load resources (`.class` files etc.) from nested jar files or war
files in directories (as opposed to explicitly on the classpath). In the case of
`JarLauncher` and `WarLauncher` the nested paths are fixed. `JarLauncher` looks in
`BOOT-INF/lib/` and `WarLauncher` looks in `WEB-INF/lib/` and `WEB-INF/lib-provided/` so
you just add extra jars in those locations if you want more. The `PropertiesLauncher`
There are three launcher subclasses (`JarLauncher`, `WarLauncher`, and `PropertiesLauncher`).
Their purpose is to load resources (`.class` files and so on.) from nested jar files or war
files in directories (as opposed to those explicitly on the classpath). In the case of
`JarLauncher` and `WarLauncher`, the nested paths are fixed. `JarLauncher` looks in
`BOOT-INF/lib/`, and `WarLauncher` looks in `WEB-INF/lib/` and `WEB-INF/lib-provided/`.
You can add extra jars in those locations if you want more. The `PropertiesLauncher`
looks in `BOOT-INF/lib/` in your application archive by default, but you can add
additional locations by setting an environment variable `LOADER_PATH` or `loader.path`
in `loader.properties` (comma-separated list of directories, archives, or directories
additional locations by setting an environment variable called `LOADER_PATH` or `loader.path`
in `loader.properties` (which is a comma-separated list of directories, archives, or directories
within archives).
[[executable-jar-launcher-manifest]]
==== Launcher manifest
==== Launcher Manifest
You need to specify an appropriate `Launcher` as the `Main-Class` attribute of
`META-INF/MANIFEST.MF`. The actual class that you want to launch (i.e. the class that
you wrote that contains a `main` method) should be specified in the `Start-Class`
`META-INF/MANIFEST.MF`. The actual class that you want to launch (that is, the class that
contains a `main` method) should be specified in the `Start-Class`
attribute.
For example, here is a typical `MANIFEST.MF` for an executable jar file:
The following example shows a typical `MANIFEST.MF` for an executable jar file:
[indent=0]
----
@ -167,7 +168,7 @@ For example, here is a typical `MANIFEST.MF` for an executable jar file:
Start-Class: com.mycompany.project.MyApplication
----
For a war file, it would be:
For a war file, it would be as follows:
[indent=0]
----
@ -175,16 +176,16 @@ For a war file, it would be:
Start-Class: com.mycompany.project.MyApplication
----
NOTE: You do not need to specify `Class-Path` entries in your manifest file, the classpath
will be deduced from the nested jars.
NOTE: You need not specify `Class-Path` entries in your manifest file. The classpath
is deduced from the nested jars.
[[executable-jar-exploded-archives]]
==== Exploded archives
==== Exploded Archives
Certain PaaS implementations may choose to unpack archives before they run. For example,
Cloud Foundry operates in this way. You can run an unpacked archive by simply starting
the appropriate launcher:
Cloud Foundry operates this way. You can run an unpacked archive by starting
the appropriate launcher, as follows:
[indent=0]
----
@ -195,41 +196,42 @@ the appropriate launcher:
[[executable-jar-property-launcher-features]]
=== PropertiesLauncher Features
=== `PropertiesLauncher` Features
`PropertiesLauncher` has a few special features that can be enabled with external
properties (System properties, environment variables, manifest entries or
`loader.properties`).
properties (System properties, environment variables, manifest entries, or
`loader.properties`). The following table describes these properties:
|===
|Key |Purpose
|`loader.path`
|Comma-separated Classpath, e.g. `lib,${HOME}/app/lib`. Earlier entries take precedence,
just like a regular `-classpath` on the `javac` command line.
|Comma-separated Classpath, such as `lib,${HOME}/app/lib`. Earlier entries take precedence,
like a regular `-classpath` on the `javac` command line.
|`loader.home`
|Used to resolve relative paths in `loader.path`. E.g. `loader.path=lib` then
|Used to resolve relative paths in `loader.path`. For example, given `loader.path=lib`, then
`${loader.home}/lib` is a classpath location (along with all jar files in that
directory). Also used to locate a `loader.properties` file. Example `file:///opt/app`
(defaults to `${user.dir}`).
directory). This property is also used to locate a `loader.properties` file, as in the
following example `file:///opt/app`
It defaults to `${user.dir}`.
|`loader.args`
|Default arguments for the main method (space separated)
|Default arguments for the main method (space separated).
|`loader.main`
|Name of main class to launch, e.g. `com.app.Application`.
|Name of main class to launch (for example, `com.app.Application`).
|`loader.config.name`
|Name of properties file, e.g. `launcher` (defaults to `loader`).
|Name of properties file (for example, `launcher`) It defaults to `loader`.
|`loader.config.location`
|Path to properties file, e.g. `classpath:loader.properties` (defaults to
`loader.properties`).
|Path to properties file (for example, `classpath:loader.properties`). It defaults to
`loader.properties`.
|`loader.system`
|Boolean flag to indicate that all properties should be added to System properties
(defaults to `false`)
It defaults to `false`.
|===
@ -266,21 +268,23 @@ be used:
|===
TIP: Build plugins automatically move the `Main-Class` attribute to `Start-Class` when
the fat jar is built. If you are using that, specify the name of the class to launch using
the `Main-Class` attribute and leave out `Start-Class`.
* `loader.properties` are searched for in `loader.home` then in the root of the
classpath, then in `classpath:/BOOT-INF/classes`. The first location that exists is
used.
* `loader.home` is only the directory location of an additional properties file
(overriding the default) as long as `loader.config.location` is not specified.
* `loader.path` can contain directories (scanned recursively for jar and zip files),
the fat jar is built. If you use that, specify the name of the class to launch by using
the `Main-Class` attribute and leaving out `Start-Class`.
The following rules apply to working with `PropertiesLauncher`:
* `loader.properties` is searched for in `loader.home`, then in the root of the
classpath, and then in `classpath:/BOOT-INF/classes`. The first location where a file
with that name exists is used.
* `loader.home` is the directory location of an additional properties file
(overriding the default) only when `loader.config.location` is not specified.
* `loader.path` can contain directories (which are scanned recursively for jar and zip files),
archive paths, a directory within an archive that is scanned for jar files (for
example, `dependencies.jar!/lib`), or wildcard patterns (for the default JVM behavior).
Archive paths can be relative to `loader.home`, or anywhere in the file system with a
Archive paths can be relative to `loader.home` or anywhere in the file system with a
`jar:file:` prefix.
* `loader.path` (if empty) defaults to `BOOT-INF/lib` (meaning a local directory or a
nested one if running from an archive). Because of this `PropertiesLauncher` behaves the
nested one if running from an archive). Because of this, `PropertiesLauncher` behaves the
same as `JarLauncher` when no additional configuration is provided.
* `loader.path` can not be used to configure the location of `loader.properties` (the
classpath used to search for the latter is the JVM classpath when `PropertiesLauncher`
@ -288,21 +292,21 @@ the `Main-Class` attribute and leave out `Start-Class`.
* Placeholder replacement is done from System and environment variables plus the
properties file itself on all values before use.
* The search order for properties (where it makes sense to look in more than one place)
is env vars, system properties, `loader.properties`, exploded archive manifest, archive
manifest.
is environment variables, system properties, `loader.properties`, the exploded archive
manifest, and the archive manifest.
[[executable-jar-restrictions]]
=== Executable jar restrictions
There are a number of restrictions that you need to consider when working with a Spring
Boot Loader packaged application.
=== Executable Jar Restrictions
You need to consider the following restrictions when working with a Spring
Boot Loader packaged application:
[[executable-jar-zip-entry-compression]]
==== Zip entry compression
The `ZipEntry` for a nested jar must be saved using the `ZipEntry.STORED` method. This
* Zip entry compression:
The `ZipEntry` for a nested jar must be saved by using the `ZipEntry.STORED` method. This
is required so that we can seek directly to individual content within the nested jar.
The content of the nested jar file itself can still be compressed, as can any other
entries in the outer jar.
@ -310,22 +314,20 @@ entries in the outer jar.
[[executable-jar-system-classloader]]
==== System ClassLoader
* System classLoader:
Launched applications should use `Thread.getContextClassLoader()` when loading classes
(most libraries and frameworks will do this by default). Trying to load nested jar
classes via `ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader()` will fail. Please be aware that
`java.util.Logging` always uses the system classloader, for this reason you should
(most libraries and frameworks do so by default). Trying to load nested jar
classes with `ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader()` fails.
`java.util.Logging` always uses the system classloader. For this reason, you should
consider a different logging implementation.
[[executable-jar-alternatives]]
=== Alternative single jar solutions
If the above restrictions mean that you cannot use Spring Boot Loader the following
alternatives could be considered:
=== Alternative Single Jar Solutions
If the preceding restrictions mean that you cannot use Spring Boot Loader, consider the following
alternatives:
* http://maven.apache.org/plugins/maven-shade-plugin/[Maven Shade Plugin]
* http://www.jdotsoft.com/JarClassLoader.php[JarClassLoader]
* http://one-jar.sourceforge.net[OneJar]

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