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Document test improvements in 1.4

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Closes gh-4901
pull/5488/head
Phillip Webb 9 years ago
parent 247bdf9c84
commit 88f3fa4f78
2 changed files with 461 additions and 66 deletions
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4
spring-boot-docs/src/main/asciidoc/index.adoc
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@ -23,11 +23,15 @@ Phillip Webb; Dave Syer; Josh Long; Stéphane Nicoll; Rob Winch; Andy Wilkinson;
:sc-spring-boot-actuator: {github-code}/spring-boot-actuator/src/main/java/org/springframework/boot/actuate
:sc-spring-boot-cli: {github-code}/spring-boot-cli/src/main/java/org/springframework/boot/cli
:sc-spring-boot-devtools: {github-code}/spring-boot-devtools/src/main/java/org/springframework/boot/devtools
:sc-spring-boot-test: {github-code}/spring-boot-test/src/main/java/org/springframework/boot/test
:sc-spring-boot-test-autoconfigure: {github-code}/spring-boot-test/src/main/java/org/springframework/boot/test/autoconfigure
:dc-ext: html
:dc-root: http://docs.spring.io/spring-boot/docs/{spring-boot-docs-version}/api
:dc-spring-boot: {dc-root}/org/springframework/boot
:dc-spring-boot-autoconfigure: {dc-root}/org/springframework/boot/autoconfigure
:dc-spring-boot-actuator: {dc-root}/org/springframework/boot/actuate
:dc-spring-boot-test: {dc-root}/spring-boot-test/src/main/java/org/springframework/boot/test
:dc-spring-boot-test-autoconfigure: {dc-root}/spring-boot-test/src/main/java/org/springframework/boot/test/autoconfigure
:dependency-management-plugin: https://github.com/spring-gradle-plugins/dependency-management-plugin
:dependency-management-plugin-documentation: {dependency-management-plugin}/blob/master/README.md
:spring-boot-maven-plugin-site: http://docs.spring.io/spring-boot/docs/{spring-boot-docs-version}/maven-plugin

523
spring-boot-docs/src/main/asciidoc/spring-boot-features.adoc
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@ -4161,10 +4161,13 @@ class for more details.
[[boot-features-testing]]
== Testing
Spring Boot provides a number of useful tools for testing your application. The
`spring-boot-starter-test` POM provides Spring Test, JUnit, Hamcrest and Mockito
dependencies. There are also useful test utilities in the core `spring-boot` module under
the `org.springframework.boot.test` package.
Spring Boot provides a number of utilities and annotations to help when testing your
application. Test support is provided by two modules; `spring-boot-test` contains core
items, and `spring-boot-test-autoconfigure` supports auto-configuration for tests.
Most developers will just use the the `spring-boot-starter-test` '`Starter POM`' which
imports both Spring Boot test modules as well has JUnit, AssertJ, Hamcrest and a number
of other useful libraries.
@ -4174,16 +4177,21 @@ If you use the
`spring-boot-starter-test` '`Starter POM`' (in the `test` `scope`), you will find
the following provided libraries:
* Spring Test -- integration test support for Spring applications.
* JUnit -- The de-facto standard for unit testing Java applications.
* Hamcrest -- A library of matcher objects (also known as constraints or predicates)
allowing `assertThat` style JUnit assertions.
* Mockito -- A Java mocking framework.
* http://junit.org[JUnit] -- The de-facto standard for unit testing Java applications.
* {spring-reference}/#integration-testing.html[Spring Test] & Spring Boot Test -- utilties and integration test support for Spring Boot
applications.
* http://joel-costigliola.github.io/assertj/[AssertJ] - A fluent assertion library.
* http://hamcrest.org/JavaHamcrest/[Hamcrest] -- A library of matcher objects (also known
as constraints or predicates).
* http://mockito.org/[Mockito] -- A Java mocking framework.
* https://github.com/skyscreamer/JSONassert[JSONassert] -- An assertion library for JSON.
* https://github.com/jayway/JsonPath[JsonPath] -- XPath for JSON.
These are common libraries that we generally find useful when writing tests. You are free
to add additional test dependencies of your own if these don't suit your needs.
[[boot-features-testing-spring-applications]]
=== Testing Spring applications
One of the major advantages of dependency injection is that it should make your code
@ -4207,100 +4215,484 @@ documentation.
[[boot-features-testing-spring-boot-applications]]
=== Testing Spring Boot applications
A Spring Boot application is just a Spring `ApplicationContext` so nothing very special
A Spring Boot application is just a Spring `ApplicationContext`, so nothing very special
has to be done to test it beyond what you would normally do with a vanilla Spring context.
One thing to watch out for though is that the external properties, logging and other
features of Spring Boot are only installed in the context by default if you use
`SpringApplication` to create it.
Spring Boot provides a `@SpringApplicationConfiguration` annotation as an alternative
to the standard `spring-test` `@ContextConfiguration` annotation. If you use
`@SpringApplicationConfiguration` to configure the `ApplicationContext` used in your
tests, it will be created via `SpringApplication` and you will get the additional Spring
Boot features.
Spring Boot provides three annotations which can be used as an alternative the standard
`spring-test` `@ContextConfiguration` annotation when you need Spring Boot features. All
three work by creating the `ApplicationContext` used in your tests via
`SpringApplication`.
For example:
[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
The specific annotation that you choose will depend on the type of test that you are writing:
* `@SpringApplicationTest` -- Loads an `ApplicationContext` or `WebApplicationContext`
(depending on your classpath) using `SpringApplication` and provides a mock servlet environment. Embedded servlet containers are not started
when using this annotation.
* `@WebIntegrationTest` -- Loads an `EmbeddedWebApplicationContext` using
`SpringApplication` and provides a real servlet environment. Embedded servlet containers
are started and listening on a defined or random port.
* `@IntegrationTest` -- Loads an `ApplicationContext` using `SpringApplication` but does
not provides _any_ servlet environment (mock or otherwise).
NOTE: In addition to `@SpringApplicationTest`, `@WebIntegrationTest` and
`@IntegrationTest` a number of other annotations are also provided for testing more
specific slices of an application. See below for details.
TIP: Don't forget to also add `@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)` to your test, otherwise
the annotations will be ignored.
[[boot-features-testing-spring-boot-applications-detecting-config]]
==== Detecting configuration
If you're familiar with the Spring Test Framework, you may be used to using
`@ContextConfiguration(classes=...)` in order to specify which Spring `@Configuration`
to load. Alternatively, you might have often used nested `@Configuration` classes within
your test.
When testing Spring Boot applications this is often not required.
Spring Boot's `@*Test` annotations will search for your primary configuration automatically
whenever you don't explicitly defined one.
The search algorithm works up from the package that contains the test until it finds a
`@SpringBootApplication` or `@SpringBootConfiguration` annotated class. As long as you've
<<using-boot-structuring-your-code, structure your code>> in a sensible way your main
configuration is usually found.
NOTE: Spring's test framework will cache application contexts between tests. Therefore, as
long as your tests share the same configuration (no matter how it's discovered), the
potentially time consuming process of loading the context will only happen once.
[[boot-features-testing-spring-boot-applications-excluding-config]]
==== Excluding test configuration
If your application uses component scanning, for example if you use
`@SpringBootApplication` or `@ComponentScan`, you may find components or configurations
created only for specific tests accidentally get picked up everywhere.
To help prevent this, Spring Boot provides `@TestComponent` and `@TestConfiguration`
annotations that can be used on classes in `src/test/java` to indicate that they should
not be picked up by scanning.
NOTE: `@TestComponent` and `@TestConfiguration` are only needed on top level classes. If
you define `@Configuration` or `@Component` as inner-classes within a test, they will be
automatically filtered.
NOTE: If you directly use `@ComponentScan` (i.e. not via `@SpringBootApplication`) you
will need to register the `TypeExcludeFilter` with it. See
{dc-spring-boot}/context/TypeExcludeFilter.{dc-ext}[the Javadoc] for details.
[[boot-features-testing-spring-boot-applications-using-springapplicationtest]]
==== Using @SpringApplicationTest
Use the `@SpringApplicationTest` annotation to load a `ApplicationContext` or
`WebApplicationContext` via `SpringApplication` and configure it with a mock
servlet environment. Embedded servlet containers will not be started when using
`@SpringApplicationTest`.
A `WebApplicationContext` is created when Servlet API jars are present on your
classpath. If you're developing a non-web application, the regular
`ApplicationContext` is used.
The `@Configuration` classes to load can either be explicitly defined using
`@ContextConfiguration`, specified as inner-classes or
<<boot-features-testing-spring-boot-applications-detecting-config, detected automatically>>
[source,java,indent=0]
----
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@SpringApplicationConfiguration(SampleDataJpaApplication.class)
public class CityRepositoryIntegrationTests {
import org.junit.*;
import org.junit.runner.*;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.*;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.*;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.*;
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringApplicationTest
public class MySpringApplicationTests {
@Autowired
CityRepository repository;
private MyComponent component;
// ...
// ... tests
}
----
TIP: The context loader guesses whether you want to test a web application or not (e.g.
with `MockMvc`) by looking for the `@WebIntegrationTest` or `@WebAppConfiguration`
annotations. (`MockMvc` and `@WebAppConfiguration` are part of `spring-test`).
If you want a web application to start up and listen on its normal port, so you can test
it with HTTP (e.g. using `RestTemplate`), annotate your test class (or one of its
superclasses) with `@WebIntegrationTest`. This can be very useful because it means you can
test the full stack of your application, but also inject its components into the test
class and use them to assert the internal state of the application after an HTTP
interaction. For example:
[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
[[boot-features-testing-spring-boot-applications-using-webintegrationtest]]
==== Using @WebIntegrationTest
Use the `@WebIntegrationTest` annotation to load a `WebApplicationContext` via
`SpringApplication` and configure it with fully running server listening on the appropriate
port.
The `@Configuration` classes to load can either be explicitly defined using
`@ContextConfiguration`, specified as inner-classes or
<<boot-features-testing-spring-boot-applications-detecting-config, detected automatically>>
For convenience, tests that need to make REST calls to the started server can additionally
`@Autowire` a `TestRestTemplate` which will resolve relative links to the running server.
To change the port you can add environment properties to `@WebIntegrationTest` as colon-
or equals-separated name-value pairs, e.g. `@WebIntegrationTest("server.port:9000")`.
Additionally you can set the `server.port` and `management.port` properties to `0`
or use the `randomPort` attribute in order to run your integration tests using
random ports.
[source,java,indent=0]
----
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@SpringApplicationConfiguration(SampleDataJpaApplication.class)
@WebIntegrationTest
public class CityRepositoryIntegrationTests {
import org.junit.*;
import org.junit.runner.*;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.web.*;
import org.springframework.boot.test.web.client.*;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.*;
import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.*
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@WebIntegrationTest(randomPort=true)
public class MyWebIntegrationTests {
@Autowired
CityRepository repository;
private TestRestTemplate restTemplate;
RestTemplate restTemplate = new TestRestTemplate();
@Test
public void exampleTest() {
String body = this.restTemplate.getForObject("/", String.class);
assertThat(body).isEqualTo("Hello World");
}
}
----
// ... interact with the running server
See <<howto-discover-the-http-port-at-runtime>> for a description of how you can discover
the actual port that was allocated for the duration of the tests if you're not using the
injected `TestRestTemplate`.
[[boot-features-testing-spring-boot-applications-using-integrationtest]]
==== Using @IntegrationTest
Use the `@IntegrationTest` annotation to load an `ApplicationContext` via
`SpringApplication` for non web-applications. Mock servlet support is explicitly disabled
for tests annotated with `@IntegrationTest`.
The `@Configuration` classes to load can either be explicitly defined using
`@ContextConfiguration`, specified as inner-classes or
<<boot-features-testing-spring-boot-applications-detecting-config, detected automatically>>
[source,java,indent=0]
----
import org.junit.*;
import org.junit.runner.*;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.*;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.*;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.*;
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@IntegrationTest
public class MyIntegrationTests {
@Autowired
private MyComponent component;
// ... tests
}
----
NOTE: Spring's test framework will cache application contexts between tests. Therefore,
as long as your tests share the same configuration, the time consuming process of starting
and stopping the server will only happen once, regardless of the number of tests that
actually run.
NOTE: Although it's possible to use the `@WebAppConfiguration` annotation in combination
with `@IntegrationTest` if you want to start a full web server, the `@WebIntegrationTest`
annotation is generally preferable.
To change the port you can add environment properties to `@WebIntegrationTest` as colon-
or equals-separated name-value pairs, e.g. `@WebIntegrationTest("server.port:9000")`.
Additionally you can set the `server.port` and `management.port` properties to `0`
in order to run your integration tests using random ports. For example:
[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
[[boot-features-testing-spring-boot-applications-mocking-beans]]
==== Mocking Beans
It's sometimes necessary to mock certain components within your application context when
running tests. For example, you may have a facade over some remote service that's
unavailable during development. Mocking can also be useful when you want to simulate
failures that might be hard to trigger in a real environment.
Spring Boot includes a `@MockBean` annotation that can be used to define a Mockito mock
for a bean inside your `ApplicationContext`. You can use the annotation to add new beans,
or replace a single existing bean definition. The annotation can be used directly on test
classes, on fields within your test; or on `@Configuration` classes and fields. When used
on a field the, instance of the created mock will also be injected. Mock beans are
automatically reset after each test method.
Here's a typical example where we replace an existing `RemoteService` bean with a mock
implementation:
[source,java,indent=0]
----
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@SpringApplicationConfiguration(MyApplication.class)
@WebIntegrationTest({"server.port=0", "management.port=0"})
public class SomeIntegrationTests {
import org.junit.*;
import org.junit.runner.*;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.*;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.*;
import org.springframework.boot.test.mock.mockito.*;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.*;
// ...
import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.*;
import static org.mockito.BDDMockito.*;
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringApplicationTest
public class MyTests {
@MockBean
private RemoteService remoteService;
@Autowired
private Reverser reverser;
@Test
public void exampleTest() {
// RemoteService has been injected into the reverser bean
given(this.remoteService.someCall()).willReturn("mock");
String reverse = reverser.reverseSomeCall();
assertThat(reverse).isEqualTo("kcom");
}
}
----
Alternatively, you can use the `randomPort` convenience attribute to set `server.port=0`.
For example:
[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes,attributes"]
[[boot-features-testing-spring-boot-applications-testing-autoconfigured-tests]]
==== Auto-configured tests
Spring Boot's auto-configuration system works well for applications, but can sometimes be
a little too much for tests. It's often helpful to load only the parts of the
configuration that are required to test a '`slice`' of your application. For example, you
might want to test that Spring MVC controllers are mapping URLs correctly, and you don't
want to involve and database calls in those tests; or you _might be wanting_ to test JPA
entites, and you're not interested in web layer when those tests run.
The `spring-boot-test-autoconfigure` module includes a number of annotations that can be
used to automatically configure such '`slices`'. Each of them work in a similar way,
providing a `@...Test` annotation that loads the `ApplicationContext` and one or
more `@AutoConfigure...` annotations that can be used to customize auto-configuration
settings.
TIP: It's also possible to use the `@AutoConfigure...` annotations with the standard
`@SpringApplicationTest` annotation. You can use this combination if you're not interested
in '`slicing`' your application but you want some of the auto-configured test beans.
[[boot-features-testing-spring-boot-applications-testing-autoconfigured-json-tests]]
==== Auto-configured JSON tests
To test that Object JSON serilization and deserialization is working as expected you can
use the `@JsonTest` annotation. `@JsonTest` will auto-configure Jackson ObjectMappers,
any `@JsonComponent` beans and any Jackson `Modules`. It also configures `Gson`
if you happen to be using that instead of, or as well as, Jackson. If you need to
configure elements of the auto-configuration you can use the `@AutoConfigureJsonTesters`
annotation.
Spring Boot includes AssertJ based helpers that work with the JSONassert and JsonPath
libraries to check that JSON is as expected. The `JacksonHelper`, `GsonHelper` and
`BasicJsonHelper` classes can be used for Jackson, Gson and Strings respectively. Any
helper fields on the test class will be automatically initialized when using `@JsonTest`.
[source,java,indent=0]
----
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@SpringApplicationConfiguration(MyApplication.class)
@WebIntegrationTest(randomPort = true)
public class SomeIntegrationTests {
import org.junit.*;
import org.junit.runner.*;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.json.*;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.*;
import org.springframework.boot.test.json.*;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.*;
// ...
import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.*;
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@JsonTest
public class MyJsonTests {
private JacksonTester<VehicleDetails> json;
@Test
public void testSerialize() throws Exception {
VehicleDetails details = new VehicleDetails("Honda", "Civic");
// Assert against a `.json` file in the same package as the test
assertThat(this.json.write(details)).isEqualToJson("expected.json");
// Or use JSON path based assertions
assertThat(this.json.write(details)).hasJsonPathStringValue("@.make");
assertThat(this.json.write(details)).extractingJsonPathStringValue("@.make")
.isEqualTo("Honda");
}
@Test
public void testDeserialize() throws Exception {
String content = "{\"make\":\"Ford\",\"model\":\"Focus\"}";
assertThat(this.json.parse(content))
.isEqualTo(new VehicleDetails("Ford", "Focus"));
assertThat(this.json.parseObject(content).getMake()).isEqualTo("Ford");
}
}
----
See <<howto-discover-the-http-port-at-runtime>> for a description of how you can discover
the actual port that was allocated for the duration of the tests.
NOTE: JSON helper classes can also be used directly in standard unit tests. Simply
call the `initFields` method of the helper in your `@Before` method if you aren't using
`@JsonTest`.
[[boot-features-testing-spring-boot-applications-testing-autoconfigured-mvc-tests]]
==== Auto-configured Spring MVC tests
To test Spring MVC controllers are working as expected you can use the `@WebMvcTest`
annotation. `@WebMvcTest` will auto-configure the Spring MVC infrastructure and limit
scanned beans to `@Controller`, `@ControllerAdvice`, `@JsonComponent`, `Filter`,
`WebMvcConfigurer` and `HandlerMethodArgumentResolver`. Regular `@Component` beans
will not be scanned when using this annotation.
Often `@WebMvcTest` will be limited to a single controller and used in combination with
`@MockBean` to provide mock implementations for required collaborators.
`@WebMvcTest` is meta-annotated with `@AutoConfigureMockMvc` which provides
auto-configuration of `MockMvc`. Mock MVC offers a powerful way to quickly test MVC
controllers without needing to start a full HTTP server.
[source,java,indent=0]
----
import org.junit.*;
import org.junit.runner.*;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.*;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.*;
import org.springframework.boot.test.mock.mockito.*;
import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.*;
import static org.mockito.BDDMockito.*;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.*;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.*;
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@WebMvcTest(UserVehicleController.class)
public class MyControllerTests {
@Autowired
private MockMvc mvc;
@MockBean
private UserVehicleService userVehicleService;
@Test
public void testExample() throws Exception {
given(this.userVehicleService.getVehicleDetails("sboot"))
.willReturn(new VehicleDetails("Honda", "Civic"));
this.mvc.perform(get("/sboot/vehicle").accept(MediaType.TEXT_PLAIN))
.andExpect(status().isOk()).andExpect(content().string("Honda Civic"));
}
}
----
TIP: If you need to configure elements of the auto-configuration (for example when servlet
filters should be applied) you can use attributes in the `@AutoConfigureJsonTesters` annotation.
If you use HtmlUnit or Selenium, auto-configuration will also provide a `WebClient` bean
and/or a `WebDriver` bean. Here is an example that uses HtmlUnit:
[source,java,indent=0]
----
import com.gargoylesoftware.htmlunit.*;
import org.junit.*;
import org.junit.runner.*;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.*;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.*;
import org.springframework.boot.test.mock.mockito.*;
import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.*;
import static org.mockito.BDDMockito.*;
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@WebMvcTest(UserVehicleController.class)
public class MyHtmlUnitTests {
@Autowired
private WebClient webClient;
@MockBean
private UserVehicleService userVehicleService;
@Test
public void testExample() throws Exception {
given(this.userVehicleService.getVehicleDetails("sboot"))
.willReturn(new VehicleDetails("Honda", "Civic"));
HtmlPage page = this.webClient.getPage("/sboot/vehicle.html");
assertThat(page.getBody().getTextContent()).isEqualTo("Honda Civic");
}
}
----
[[boot-features-testing-spring-boot-applications-testing-autoconfigured-jpa-test]]
==== Auto-configured Data JPA tests
The `@DataJpaTest` can be used if want to test JPA applications. By default it will
configure an in-memory embedded database, scan for `@Entity` classes and configure Spring
Data JPA repositories. Regular `@Component` beans will not be loaded into the
`ApplicationContext`.
Data JPA tests may also inject a
{sc-spring-boot-test-autoconfigure}/orm/jpa/TestEntityManager.{sc-ext}[`TestEntityManager`]
bean which provides an alternative to the standard JPA `EntityManager` specifically
designed for tests. If you want to use `TestEntityManager` outside of `@DataJpaTests` you
can also use the `@AutoConfigureTestEntityManager` annotation.
[source,java,indent=0]
----
import org.junit.*;
import org.junit.runner.*;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.*;
import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.*;
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@DataJpaTest
public class ExampleRepositoryTests {
@Autowired
private TestEntityManager entityManager;
@Autowired
private UserRepository repository;
@Test
public void testExample() throws Exception {
this.entityManager.persist(new User("sboot", "1234"));
User user = this.repository.findByUsername("sboot");
assertThat(user.getUsername()).isEqualTo("sboot");
assertThat(user.getVin()).isEqualTo("1234");
}
}
----
In-memory embedded databases generally work well for tests since they are fast and don't
require any developer installation. If, however, you prefer to run tests against a real
database you can use the `@AutoConfigureTestDatabase` annotation:
[source,java,indent=0]
----
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@DataJpaTest
@AutoConfigureTestDatabase(replace=Replace.NONE)
public class ExampleRepositoryTests {
// ...
}
----
@ -4327,7 +4719,7 @@ useful when testing your application.
==== ConfigFileApplicationContextInitializer
`ConfigFileApplicationContextInitializer` is an `ApplicationContextInitializer` that
can apply to your tests to load Spring Boot `application.properties` files. You can use
this when you don't need the full features provided by `@SpringApplicationConfiguration`.
this when you don't need the full features provided by `@SpringApplicationTest`.
[source,java,indent=0]
----
@ -4360,7 +4752,7 @@ for assertions:
----
import org.junit.Rule;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.springframework.boot.test.OutputCapture;
import org.springframework.boot.test.rule.OutputCapture;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.*;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
@ -4381,7 +4773,6 @@ public class MyTest {
[[boot-features-rest-templates-test-utility]]
==== TestRestTemplate
`TestRestTemplate` is a convenience subclass of Spring's `RestTemplate` that is useful in
integration tests. You can get a vanilla template or one that sends Basic HTTP
authentication (with a username and password). In either case the template will behave

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